It must be stressed at the outset though that developing a particularistic psychology such as Filipino psychology is not anti-universal inasmuch as the ultimate aim of Sikolohiyang Pilipino is to contribute to universal psychology, which can be realized only if each group of people is adequately understood by themselves and from their own perspective. Reviews on the status of Philippine psychological measurement in the 1970s and The analysis-wholeness issue is not a big issue in Sikolohiyang Pilipino. appropriate and suited to Filipinos. interest.. You remind me that there is always more to come and that this journey of growth never truly ends. Under this, some social scientists suggest that many poor Filipinos are superstitious as a result of Catholic dogmatism, characterized by a vague combination of animism and Catholic beliefs. language (Enriquez, 1992, p. 22). Filipino-Americans do not have what both Salazar and Enriquez calls a national consciousness precisely because they are outsiders and unable to participate in national discourse that shapes consciousness. They are supposed to be bakya or lacking Their foreigners) to take a keen interest in Sikolohiyang Pilipino. organizational expression. Philippines. It decently aims, among others, to build a community of peoplestudents and non-students alikewho love to read, learn, and seek wisdom. University of the Philippines. On the other side of the cultural Despite this welcome development, however, she decried the tendency of local test users to use foreign-made tests lock, stock, and barrel, with no attempt whatsoever to adapt these tests through item or test modification, test translation, or development of local norms. Psychology and culture. Thus, one does not question a textbook with the title Introduction to Psychology used to teach undergraduate psychology students in the Philippines, when the correct title perhaps should be Introduction to American Psychology. Other so-called core values of Indigenous Filipino Psychology are either essentially related or mere derivatives of these three. It is thus concerned with proper applications to health, agriculture, art, mass media, religion, and other spheres of people's daily life. embarrassment). 1992). Since these theories are What is Sikolohiyang Pilipino Sikolohiyang Pilipino is anchored on Filipino thought and experience as understood from a Filipino perspective (Enriquez, 1975). In the context of evaluating a persons personality using these core values, a Filipino is said to possess a pleasant personality, that is, living up to Filipino values and culture, if he or she acts in accordance with and from the motive of these core values. It is against a psychology used for the exploitation of the masses. The annual conferences. freer to be themselves when in a sympathetic group of friends than in a one on one Psychology faculty meeting in 1970, Lagmay asked the staf who would like However, the internal aspect, which is at the core of his pagkatao (personality), is Asian deference for authority, modesty/humility, concern for others, etc. For centuries, Filipino behavior has been analyzed and interpreted in the light of Western theories. To him, Sikolohiyang Pilipino exists as long as there are Filipinos. These issues are not new and have actually been addressed by many Philippine scholars in the past (Jimenez, 1982; Feliciano, 1982; Margallo, 1982). the inadequacy as well as the unfairness of the Western-oriented approaches to 1995; Lopez, 1996) In other words, the body of knowledge is there. asserts that there is a hegemonic type of consciousness present in culture that was the first university to offer it. He basically questioned Sikolohiyang Pilipinos position on the issue of universality and asserts that Sikolohiyang Pilipino, although it claims to contribute to universal knowledge, has not shown sufficient proof of its contribution or even proof that such knowledge exists in any given culture. For him, what is important is the immediate application efort translating psychological materials into Filipino. In this conference, the ideas, concepts, and formulations of Sikolohiyang Pilipino were formally articulated. The concept of a great cultural divide The test administration procedures were also To the Filipinos, they are being frank about their feelings, but they just do not express this verbally. of Philippine colonial history. Enriquez was formally initiated into psychology in 1963 when he started teaching at the University of the Philippines (U.P.). They are supposed to be bakya or lacking in sophistication (bakya refers to the traditional wooden clogs, popular among the masses who cannot afford expensive shoes). when nationalism was sweeping the country. He considers the similarity of observations of phenomena and diverse cultural experiences as indicators of universal knowledge in psychology. at Temple University in Pennsylvania. encompass the subtleties of Asian cultures. Because of kapwa, this pakiramdam is a participatory process in which emotions are experienced mutually. tradition This was pursued by the University of Santo Tomas and later other It is therefore important for Sikolohiyang Pilipino to take a more critical stance and re-examine its methodology. First, the level of interaction or relationship that exists between the researcher and the researched significantly determines the quality of the data obtained in the research process. There were some attempts to formulate appropriate techniques in therapy suited to the Filipino personality. Pilipino perspective, Enriquez (1992) re-conceptualized the Filipino behaviour One essential ability that researchers must possess, whatever method they are using, is pakikiramdam, a special kind of sensitivity to cues which will guide them in their interaction with group members, especially with Filipinos who are used to indirect and non-verbal manner of communicating and expressing thoughts, attitudes, feelings and emotions. among Filipino psychologists and social scientists, both in the Philippines and Thus, the move towards understanding the particular nature of Filipino psychology. . In a subsequent paper, she and Enriquez discussed the loopholes of Philippine social research, including the lack of relevance of research topics to the needs of the people being studied, inappropriateness of (Western) methods to the ways of the people, definitions based on Western theories, and overemphasis on data rather than on the process. kahalagahan kahulugan sa wikang filipino mga kasingkahulugang salita english translation of tagalog words usage examples ibang tawag sa. Bulatao (1978, cited in Enriquez, 1992), for example, made Sibley (1965), an American scholar, translated hiya as shame. Adhering to a philosophy of Sikolohiyang Pilipino being liberated and liberating, he eliminated its bondage to the Western perspective, not only in theory and method but in practice. It drives a person on even beyond his/her own frailties and limitations, to find a creative way out. (Kapwahan, n.d.). Life Foundation (ELF) to look into the Filipino concept of a grassroot leader and the Pilipino and charting its direction, Enriquez spearheaded several activities that have Department are conducted in Filipino, whether completely or partially. A woman who was raped is not stripped of her dangal even though her puri And what is the difference between moral standards and non moral standards? It is also express themselves (without fear of making grammatical mistakes and then being Filipino courage and determination are therefore reflected in the notion of Bahala-na! Its origin may be traced to the social condition in which Filipinos live which challenges them to utilize their ability in dealing with challenges and changes. The concept of a universal psychology based on a broader range of cultures is not new. Originally Answered: Why is there a need for Filipino Psychology? indigenous to the culture. , n data over a period of time.2.a bar graph works similarly with a line graph,but it only differs in the use of bars of different heights to show different values.3.a circle graph or pie graph is used to present for porportions out of the whole.4.a chart is drawing that shows organization or relationship by using words,pictures, or symbols,or a combination of all three.5.a table is the presentation of information or data in columns and rows , Speech about persons with disabilities in English. Thus, it is not regionalism which divides the Filipinos. Some of the indigenous research methods that have been identiied are by many Philippine scholars in the past (Jimenez, 1982; Feliciano, 1982; Margallo, If this is not possible, local researchers should be tapped for assistance. The expression is a way of pumping courage into their system so that they do not buckle down. It was in the early 1970s that Many Filipino intellectuals, The levels of interaction are the same ones as the kapwa classifications Ibang-Tao (Outsider) and Hindi-Ibang-Tao (One-of-us). Madelene Avila-Sta Maria (1998) went several steps further to critically analyze the differences in the thinking of both and pointed to several areas of debate. This is called indigenization from that they do not buckle down. after Enriquezs death, is alive and well and continues to interest and inspire This paper addresses a need for a research-based communication study of Filipino behavior. Because its goal is to generalize research findings, this brand of psychology seeks to apply western theories and methods to non-western societies and cultures. Enriquez (1992) also explored the idea of a great cultural divide in the analysis of during these trips that he was able to inluence scholars living abroad (Filipinos and Psychology and Philosophy as universal disciplines. Academic Philosophic Psychology (Akademiko-pilosopiya na Sikolohiya): Western Tradition: This tradition was started by priest-professors at the University of Santo Tomas, themselves having philosophical trainings. The principal emphasis ofSikolohiyang Pilipinois to foster national identity andconsciousness, social involvement, and psychology of language and culture. For him, Western influences threated this Filipino core value. Key concepts and ideas of Filipino thinkers in the Social Sciences rooted in Filipino language - Read online for free. Andres (1994, pp. The articles to be read by the students were scattered in different places. They look down on people on the other side of the divide. knowledge, beliefs and practices as related to the various applications and areas of Psycho-medical Religious Psychology (Sikolohiyang Siko-medikal): This tradition fuses native healing techniques and explicates it in an indigenous religious context. The approach is one of indigenization from within whereby the theoretical framework and methodology emerge from the experiences of the people from the indigenous culture. Because it basis everything from history, language, art and common experience of the people. which utilized dimensions of personality that are relevant to Filipinos. Sikolohiyang Pilipino (SP hereafter), an intellectual and social movement (San Juan, 2006) amongst Filipino scholars, is a response to a perceived level of cultural insensitivity, inadequacy. fatalistic reputation into a value: Devil may care! was transformed into determination in the face of uncertaintya value that stimulates resourcefulness and the creativity to survive Bahala-na stimulates action, not [in]action; it is not invoked to avoid or forget problems; it implies perseverance and hard work; it instills the courage to see oneself through hard times, noted the late Alfredo Lagmay. In fact, they have their own culture is a fatalistic resignation or withdrawal from an engagement or crisis or a shirking For example, he would ask the young Virgilio to read the days English language paper, but read it out loud in Filipino as if it was originally written in that language. Psychology faculty meeting in 1970, Lagmay asked the staff who would like to teach psychology in Filipino. Pakikisama was identified by Lynch (1961, 1973) as a Filipino value, giving it the English translation of maintaining smooth interpersonal relations by going along with the group or the majority decision, i.e., conformity. Enriquez named this shared perception as heightened awareness and sensitivity of Filipinos while his student Rita Mataragnon described it as emotional a-priori of Filipino people. The stream of nationalism was starting to have an effect on the teaching of different courses at U.P. That's mainly to help contribute in the furtherance of collective studies of the human psyche, which is largely due to the fact that we are all humans here at the end of the day (although there's also a field called animal psychology). Global Indigenous Psychology 3. Filipino characteristics katalinuhan [intelligence], pagkarelihiyoso [religiosity], It can be acknowledged through an award or a tribute (parangal, which is actually pa-dangal) but even without such gestures from outside, it is within you. There are two categories of kapwa: the Ibang-Tao (outsider) and the Hindi-Ibang-Tao (one-of-us). There are several areas where Sikolohiyang Pilipino has been applied. AngKapwa ay mayroongdalawanguri. Carlota (1980) noted several trends in Zeus Salazar (1985a), a historian, later examined the history of Sikolohiyang Pilipino and came up with a description of the four filiations of Philippine psychology: Enriquez (1985, 1992) set out to define the major characteristics of Sikolohiyang Pilipino. Thus, the move towards understanding Enriquez (1992) also explored the idea of a great cultural divide in the analysis of Filipino personality. . street children, prostituted children, etc. development, however, she decried the tendency of local test users to use foreign- It is in the cultural aspect where we witness a disparity. within (as against indigenization from without), which means looking for the Philippine Psychology is an area of concentration in the Ph.D. program of the U.P. What is clear, however, should be made to adapt to existing cultural norms. Pilipino by underscoring the need for a socio-historical perspective in understanding The principal emphasis of Sikolohiyang Pilipino is to foster national identity and consciousness, social involvement, and psychology of language and culture. It can also refer to virginity She looked into the essential elements articulated in Sikolohiyang Pilipino in discovering the richness of indigenous knowledge, beliefs and practices as related to the various applications and areas of grassroots leadership formation. There seems to be a While psychological testing is of Western origin, the substance of the PUP originated from an understanding of the Filipinos. resulted in a characterization of the Filipino from the judgmental and language; (b) rational philosophy, the clerical tradition, phenomenology, Thomistic On the other hand, another type of indigenization was given more emphasis after the translation attempts failed to capture or express a truly Filipino psychology. What is the importance of Sikolohiyang Pilipino? Dangal is honor from within. Filipino behaviour has been analyzed and interpreted in the visible radiation of Western theories. After Enriquez arrived from the United States in 1971, he embarked on a full-scale effort translating psychological materials into Filipino. vocational testing, and the 1980s an increased interest in personality testing, with a His Western education actually drove him to be more Filipino-oriented in his teaching and research in psychology. fact, this is expressed in a popular Filipino saying, Ang hindi lumingon sa 190191) deined it, following Kauts logic, as the Pilipino. The Sikolohiyang Pilipino perspective interprets bahala na diferently. (people or mass). diwa), and the soul (kaluluwa) which is the way to learning about peoples Enriquez searched the Filipino culture and history for the bases of Sikolohiyang Pilipino instead of tracing these back to Western theories. the theoretical framework and methodology emerge from the experiences of the . A woman who was raped is not stripped of her dangal even though her puri was taken away. They visit the indigenous healers for The importance of being able to communicate and express . Sikolohiyang Pilipino. This was the time of the First Quarter Storm in the He encouraged Filipino scholars to take a second look at these values using a Filipino orientation. Studylists Its philosophical antecedents include (a) empirical philosophy, academic- Enriquez for including the study of Filipino- Americans in the discourse of are held in diferent regions of the country to encourage greater participation, to While the arguments are forceful and the sentiments real, a cross-cultural psychology will remain a promise for as long as the indigenous psychologies are untapped because of language and culture barriers (Enriquez, 1992, p. 81). humanistic approaches as valid. Enriquezs most signiicant contribution to the Sikolohiyang Pilipino movement Much of the strategy for discovering Sikolohiyang Pilipino is based on assessing historical and socio-cultural realities, understanding the local language, unraveling Filipino characteristics and explaining them through the eyes of the native Filipino. This includes the provinces of Bulacan, Bataan, Cavite, Batangas, Rizal, Laguna, Quezon and Metro Manila. For centuries, Filipino behavior has been He emphasized kapwa (shared identity) as core value; pakikiramdam (shared inner perception) as pivotal interpersonal value; and kagandahang-loob (shared humanity) as linking socio-personal value. Tatlong anyo ng Sikolohiyang Pilipino Ayon kay Dr. Virgilio Enriquez, mayroong tatlong anyo ang Sikolohiyang Pilipino: Sikolohiya sa Pilipinas, Sikolohiya ng Pilipino, at Sikolohiyang Pilipino. The importance of Sikolohiyang Pilipino would help Filipinos to recognize their personality and culture that would help them find their own sense of belongingness and allows them to categorize themselves from the influences of western colonizers. analyzed and interpreted in the light of Western theories. He started preparing for the teaching of psychology in Filipino, and had a number of discussions (and arguments) with friends and professors at Northwestern University such as Ernesto Kole, Lee Sechrest and Donald Campbell. Fifth, the language of the people should be the language of research at all times. concepts and theories developed by Enriquez, there are already various attempts at something foreign which is localized (___) indigenous, indigenized, orginated, propagated, Filipinos, localized. He discovered that it is not maintaining smooth He maintained that Filipino-Americans are Filipinos because some aspects of their identity and cultural experiences are still Filipino (Enriquez, 1994). Initially, students avoided classes which were conducted in Filipino because they were used to speaking English inside the classroom from grade school to high school. What is clear, however, from the foregoing discussion is the fact that, Sikolohiyang Pilipino, several years after Enriquezs death, is alive and well and continues to interest and inspire scholars from different persuasions to give new meaning and direction to the development not only of Philippine Psychology but of the larger discourse of the social sciences. the following observations regarding counselling in the Philippines: Filipinos are Ang Sikolohiyang Pilipino (The Filipino Psychology). Utang na loob was translated by Kaut (1961) as debt of gratitude. Salazars more emic approach and Enriquezs more etic the Filipino personality. One simply has to recognize, appreciate and emphasize the indigenous elements and reject the foreign aspects and put them in the context of Philippine colonial history. It nonetheless expands this scope by counting ethnic psychology and oral traditions, such as the ancestral psycho-medical systems which are based on religious experience. 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